Christopher Columbus, the Conquerer Essay -- Christopher Columbus Essa

Christopher Columbus, the Conquerer Depending on how you look at it, Christopher Columbus was either a great man of adventure and achievement Or the kind of person that does not see shame in killing and enslaving thousand of Native Americans. Christopher Columbus came to America in hopes of finding new land, new opportunities, and gold. On the view of the Spaniards side he was helping them expand a money thirsty empire. He was helping route and map new uncharted land. He was bringing his ships back so full of gold that they almost sunk. On the view of Native Americans he was looting and plundering their valubles, family members, houses, pictures and basically anything he wanted. He sacrificed many Natives, crushing their whole world for the purpose of expanding his and make himself known. Christopher Columbus was a destroyer. Whether it was a day of huge discovery or a day of dark doom, Christopher Columbus set out from Spain on August 3, 1492 (Microsoft Encarta). With him he had high hopes, great expectations, a dream, a highly moraled crew, and three Spanish caravel ships. The Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. At that time the crew and Columbus had strong intentions of reaching what they thought was the East Indies (Burdette 26). However, the crews were a week and a half out from Spain. They were sure they were near land. It could have been just a see bird or the weeds growing on the Sargasso Sea. A prime example that the rest of the crew or Columbus himself had not had any exact information such as maps about the sea. Following the trade winds they had followed, they were being lead to N. America With a bold yell Columbus sat perched on the tower of the Santa Maria and hollered, "From the West to the East we will... ...on stake war on great empires such as the Aztecs. Although the natives were very willing to defend their empire, Spain had the upper hand. With canons, swords, and rifles the Spanish soon totally annihilated the people. Killing, burning, hanging or decapitating were of the possibilities (Stannard 237). Spain showed no mercy and ultimately crushed the empire. With enough gold to nearly sink Columbus ships, the ships returned to celebrate. The "fantastic voyage" was nothing short of the expected success. Works Cited Burdette, Silver. Christopher Columbus. Milan: Silver Burdett, 1982. "Chistopher Columbus." Microsoft Encarta. 1995. Levinson, Nancy. Columbus: Voyager to the Unknown. New York: Knopf, 1990. Sperry, Armstrong. Voyages of Columbus. New York: Random House, 1950. Stannard, David E. American Holocaust. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

John Steinbeck Essay

John Steinbeck is simply one of America’s finest storytellers. He is an accomplished author and a Nobel Laureate in Literature. However, his road to success was not easy. His earlier novels failed to attract attention, and it took many years before he got the recognition he deserved. Like most writers, his experiences and his hometown were crucial in the creation of his stories. Thus, Steinbeck’s works were greatly influenced by his life and the environment in which he lived. John Ernst Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902, in Salinas, California (National Steinbeck Center [NSC], n. d. ). His parents were John Steinbeck, Sr., and Olive Hamilton Steinbeck. His father was a County Treasurer and his mother was a school teacher (NSC, n. d. ). It was his mother who was responsible for his love of reading and writing (â€Å"John Steinbeck,† 2003). His favorite books included Le Morte d’ Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory, Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky and Paradise Lost by John Milton (â€Å"John Steinbeck,† 2003). He usually spent his summer vacations working on ranches and farms (NSC, n. d. ). It is from this experience where he derived his knowledge of the countryside and its people, which he later used in his stories (NSC, n.d. ). Steinbeck graduated from Salinas High School in 1919 (NSC, n. d. ), and proceeded to study marine biology in Stanford University (â€Å"John Steinbeck,† 2003). To pay for his education, he took many jobs, which led him to miss several quarters of school (â€Å"John Steinbeck,† 2003). He was already a writer in college, with several poems and short stories included in university publications as proof (â€Å"John Steinbeck,† 2003). In 1925, Steinbeck left Stanford University and proceeded to New York to start his writing career (NSC, n. d. ). He began his writing career in New York as a reporter for American (â€Å"John Steinbeck,† 2003). Despite this brief writing stint, Steinbeck was still unsuccessful in terms of fiction. He failed to publish any of his written works, forcing him to return to California (NSC, n. d. ). He was still a writer, but he also had other jobs as well. His jobs included fruit picking, painting, surveying, being an estate caretaker and a house watchman (â€Å"John Steinbeck,† 2003). In 1929, Cup of Gold was written when Steinbeck was a house watchman (â€Å"John Steinbeck,† 2003). It failed to return the publisher’s investment (â€Å"John Steinbeck,† 2003). His next two novels, The Pastures of Heaven and To a God Unknown, were also unsuccessful (NSC, n. d. ). In 1930, Steinbeck married his first wife Carol Henning. The 30s also marked an improvement in his writing career, as his first literary success Tortilla Flat was published in 1935 (â€Å"John Steinbeck,† 2003). Tortilla Flat was later adapted into a movie. Steinbeck’s success continued, with the release Of Mice and Men in 1937, and The Grapes of Wrath in 1939. Soon after, he won a Pulitzer Prize for The Grapes of Wrath. During the Second World War, he went back to his journalistic roots, as a correspondent for the New York Herald Tribune (NSC, n. d. ). In 1942, Steinbeck’s relationship with Henning ended (â€Å"John Steinbeck,† 2003). He then married Gwyndolyn Conger, but the marriage did not last (â€Å"John Steinbeck,† 2003). In 1950, he married again, this time to Elaine Scott (â€Å"John Steinbeck,† 2003). It was also in the 50s when he published another great book of his, East of Eden in 1952 (â€Å"John Steinbeck,† 2003). In 1962, Steinbeck was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature (NSC, n. d. ). Four years after, he passed away, in the 20th of December (NSC, n.d. ). Steinbeck’s literary pieces are filled with references to his own life. The most prominent reference was the setting. Most of his stories, if not all, feature his hometown of Salinas. This is only proof that his hometown was very significant for him, that he refused to exclude it in his works. The Pastures of Heaven is a great example. There is a valley in California, which is located between Salinas and Monterey (Paik, 2006). The name of the valley is Corral de Tierra, but Steinbeck referred to this valley as â€Å"pastures of heaven,† hence the title of his book (Paik, 2006). Moreover, it was also found that since The Pastures of Heaven consists of short stories, Steinbeck’s intention to unify them may bear a similarity to Milton’s Paradise Lost (Meyer, 2007). This is no surprise, since it was one of his favorite books. Tortilla Flat is another Steinbeck novel which referenced his hometown. Tortilla Flat is another town in California, near Monterey. The theme of the story was based on King Arthur and the Round Table (â€Å"John Steinbeck,† 2003). Steinbeck might have derived this idea from another favorite book of his, Le Morte d’ Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory. In addition, he included the plight of farmers within the story (Pollock, 2006), the inspiration of which was probably taken from his summers as a farmhand. The Log from the Sea of Cortez is another Steinbeck text that, despite having no connection with California, was still a result of his life experiences. When Steinbeck was married to Carol, they lived in Pacific Grove (NSC, n. d. ). It was in Pacific Grove were he met Edward Ricketts, a marine biologist (â€Å"John Steinbeck,† 2003). They quickly became friends, probably because they shared the same interest in biology, which Steinbeck took in college. In 1940, Ricketts and Steinbeck boarded The Western Flyer, a fishing boat they hired for the expedition (Weiss, 1999). Both men explored the Gulf of California, also known as the Sea of Cortez (Weiss, 1999). Steinbeck published the book Sea of Cortez, which was re-released as The Log from the Sea of Cortez (Weiss, 1999). Steinbeck’s maturity as a writer is difficult to trace, simply because he started out as a journalist and later became a fiction writer. News writing and fiction writing are two different fields, both of which are essential parts of Steinbeck’s career. Nonetheless, regardless of genre, Steinbeck’s talent is undeniable. Only he could write with a balance of â€Å"realistic naturalism† and â€Å"moral optimism† within his stories (Phillips, 2006). Consequently, Steinbeck’s writing strength lies on his social commentary, the focus of which was the economic struggles of laborers in the rural areas (Nobel Foundation 1962). His love for the California landscape is also another Steinbeck trademark, which is not always compatible with his straightforward sociological kind of writing (Nobel Foundation, 1962). Despite this, John Steinbeck remains a remarkable author whose legacy will stay for generations. He was one of the many who created literary masterpieces that was extremely influenced by his own life and the surroundings in which he lived. References John Steinbeck (1902-1968). Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http://www. kirjasto. sci. fi/johnstei. htm Meyer, M. J. (2007). The Pastures of Heaven. The Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http://www. litencyc. com/php/sworks. php? rec=true&UID=7353 National Steinbeck Center (n. d. ). Biography. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http://www. steinbeck. org/Bio. html Nobel Foundation (1962). Biography. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1962/steinbeck-bio. html Paik, F. (2006). Pastures of heaven. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http://www. forbes. com/2001/11/09/1109how. html Phillips, B. (2006). SparkNote on East of Eden. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http://www. sparknotes. com/lit/eastofeden/context. html Pollock, F. J. (2006). SparkNote on Tortilla Flat. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http://www. sparknotes. com/lit/tortillaflat/context. html Weiss, D. (1999). The log of the sea of Cortez. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http://www. ecotopia. org/about/cortez. html.

The Legalization Of Hard Drugs - 1036 Words

Trevor Allphin ENC1101 David Visser A Case for the Legalization of Hard Drugs in the U.S. The issue of drug abuse is a sad reality in every community, and drug prohibition is present across the globe. Whether it is under the guise of protection of family values, or public safety, prohibition disrupts more than it maintains. Many people view drugs as a problem but they can also be viewed as a problem solver. This essay will address the socioeconomic issues with prohibition of hard drugs, and argue for their legalization. Prohibition crowds prisons with non-violent criminals, exposing otherwise innocent civilians to the dangers of prison life, and the mental and physical damage it does to not only their own livelihoods, but to their families’ as well. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 2011, out of 197,050 inmates in federal prisons, 94,600 were incarcerated for drug-related charges, while only 14,900 for violent offenses. That equates to 48% of the entire federal prison population being incarcerated for drugs, with violent offenders only adding to 7.56%. The FBI states that of all drug arrests in 2011, 81.8% were for simple possession, the remaining 18.2% for sale and distribution. Therefore, there are over 77,000 federal inmates that were non-violent civilians, whose only crime was carrying an illicit substance. With legalization (or at least decriminalization), neither the risk of incarceration nor the risk in becoming involved with illegal, and oftenShow MoreRelatedEssay on L egalization of Marijuana, Cocaine, and Prescription Pills1713 Words   |  7 Pages In the United States, there are many drugs that are outlawed due to their supposed harmful and dangerous effects on humans. Some of these drugs include marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and prescription pills that are abused by people to whom they are not prescribed. Recent movements have called for the legalization of all of these drugs. Although it appears that legalization of all drugs on the market seems like a valid movement, in reality, all hard drugs such as cocaine and prescription pills shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?986 Words   |  4 Pages Drugs along with alcohol and tobacco are claimed to negatively affect human in both physical and mental ways. While alcohol and tobacco are legally sold and consumed, drug legalization is still a controversial issue in the America. There are twenty three states that have legalized marijuana-an iconic drug substance- for medical purposes. Cali fornia is the first state in the country that legalized it in 1996, and New York State is the newest member. Even though marijuana is legal in these statesRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?887 Words   |  4 Pagesare several illicit drugs such as marijuana, heroin, cocaine that are used in some area in the United States. Those drugs influence people every day of their life. They also affect people whether they are using them, drugs dealer, victims of drugs related crime or dealing with family members’ addiction. On the other hands, the government spends much money for education, medical, technology and recycles. Besides these issues, the government also spends billions of dollars for drug laws enforcement toRead MoreEssay about Should We Legalize Marijuana in Canada?1081 Words   |  5 PagesTo Legalize or to Not Legalize: The Debate Behind Marijuana in Canada The legalization of marijuana is an issue that consistently discussed and debated, not only in North America, but throughout the entire world. Despite being illegal in every country, marijuana remains the most widely used illicit drug in the world. The popularity of this drug is the cause for the continuous legalization debate, resulting in various legislations pertaining to the consumption of the substance. Every country hasRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana And Marijuana Essay1314 Words   |  6 Pagesof the bused drugs in America and the rest of the world. Interesting accumulating evidence show that the significant negative impact of this drug outweighs the positive effects. However, the medical benefits of the drug seem on the process of chemical compounds as compared to the drug itself. Medical debates show that chemical compound in marijuana are the problem as compared to the plant. The said chemical compound affects the mental and physical health of the persons abusing t his drug. There haveRead MoreWhy Not Legalize Marijuana? Essay1173 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana should be legalized for both recreational and medicinal use because the US economy can reap significant benefits from legalization as well as create an influx of jobs and also to reduce street and gang disputes relating to marijuana. Also, marijuana should be legalized because it has been dealt an unfair hand by society and is justifiably safer than most know it to be. First, marijuana should be legalized in the US for both recreational and medicinal purposes because there is a very substantialRead MoreRegulated Legalization of Cannabis in Germany Essay1664 Words   |  7 Pagesgrounds Towards a regulated legalization of cannabis in Germany Introduction At first glance, German drug policy seems quite progressive: Drug abuse is treated as a health and social issue and there is a strong focus on prevention through education. However, Germany is still a staunch supporter of the current prohibition regime and is committed to the aim of a â€Å"drug free society†. As such, tackling the supply side of the drug trade is still an important pillar of German drug policy, which leads toRead MoreEssay on Drug Discrimination708 Words   |  3 PagesDrug Discrimination The legalization of marijuana is just as heated as it has been since the 1930s when it was first outlawed(Marijuana). Marijuana is a name given to any drugs made from the hemp plant, Cannabis(Grolier). To legalize or not to legalize is the question that has been plaguing politicians and no one knows the answer. It is a burning issue that just won’t go away like many had wished it would when it started. Nothing has been this heated since the alcohol prohibition in theRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Marijuana Legalization1442 Words   |  6 PagesOf the many social issues that plague American society, the issue over the legalization of Marijuana remains as one of the most controversial topics. Marijuana, also known as Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. According to national surveys conducted by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), â€Å"marijuana use rose from 4.1 percent to 9.5 percent of the U.S. adult population in the past decade.† The increase of Marijuana use created an ongoingRead MoreEssay on Legalization of Marijuana610 Words   |  3 PagesLegalization of Marijuana One debate that keeps coming up time and again is the topic of the legalization of marijuana. Marijuana is the most widely used illegal drug. Nearly one in three teenagers have at least tried marijuana by the time they graduate high school. It is also gets the most publicity for its legalization. Over thirty pro-legalization organizations have been displayed on the Internet alone. The legalization of marijuana , although popular by todays drug culture, would be a

Central America Free Trade Agreement - 1242 Words

Central America Free Trade Agreement and Its Economic Impact Overview Negotiations started in early 2004 on the Central America Free Trade Agreement, later on in the negotiation process the Dominican Republic joined to make CAFTA-DR. The original countries that made up CAFTA were Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua with the Dominican Republic joining forces later on. CAFTA was coupled together with NAFTA and the Canada-Costa Rica Trade Agreement separating them from the Free Trade of the Americas Agreement otherwise known as, FTAA. (WIKI) While separating from other trade agreements the main goal of CAFTA was to create not just a trade agreement with lower tariffs, but to create a free trade area. CAFTA has been†¦show more content†¦It inevitably is the first trade agreement between the United States and a group of smaller developing countries. (wiki) While the agreement was signed in 2004 it was not until 2005 that it was passed in the US Senate. It did not go into force in the US until 2006 with El Salvador, Hondura s, Nicaragua, and Guatemala following suit the same year. The Dominican Republic put the agreement into full force shortly after in early 2007 while it took Costa Rica a half decade to get the agreement put to force, in early 2009, after signing in 2004. (ustr.gov) Economic Impact The effects of globalization were minimal in Central American countries until the passing of the CAFTA-DR. It raised issues in the US and with anti-globalization groups. With that being said the positive impact the agreement had in these areas was substantial. It allowed foreign capital to flow into the smaller developing country markets allowing the economies to grow and advancing investment and the generation of emerging businesses all the while raising the standards of living in the countries. Though not all the positives benefit the Central American Countries. By signing this agreement this opens up import markets for the US that they never thought would be open and without tariffs nonetheless. (wccn) As the negatives usually over shadow the positives there are always some. The big negative for example of the Nicaraguan poor is that most of them are employed by the agriculture sector, and with

Night By Elie Wiesel Analysis - 903 Words

Eliezer â€Å"Elie† Wiesel, a Jewish writer, professor, political activist, Nobel laureate and Holocaust survivor, acknowledged that â€Å"There is so much injustice and suffering crying out for our attention: victims of hunger, of racism, and political persecution, writers and poets, prisoners in so many lands governed by the left and by the right. Human rights are being violated on every continent. More people are oppressed than free.† When the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, they believed that the Germans were â€Å"racially superior†and that Jews(their biggest enemy) were to be called â€Å"inferior.† As the â€Å"Final Solution† came, no Jew was safe. The Germans figured every way to get rid of them. One single gunshot wasnt enough. During this†¦show more content†¦He did not think it was real and then realized how much he hated them. Since he knew they were the first oppressor they would encounter. To Wiesel they were the firs t faces too hell and death. After Wiesel arrived at Auschwitz-Birkenau, he was given a number tattoo on his arm. The SS authorities used tattooing primarily as a means of identification. Since the Jews were forced to have these tattoos, their identity was taken away. Their personal identity that they had developed about themselves that had evolved over the course of their life was gone. Wiesel and the fellow jews were no longer what they used to be. They were stripped of the very last thing they had. After wiesel received the tattoo he admits to his new identity. Wiesels aspects of his life that he had no control over, such as where he grew up or race, as well as the choices he chose before the holocaust. In fact he states that,â€Å"The three veteran prisoners, needles in hand, tattooed numbers on our left arms. I became A-7713. From then on, I had no other name.†(pg51)This shows how having the Jews have a tattoo on their arm gave the Germans a way for making Jews less than human.They knew that if the y were to be tattooed it would be permanent. Leaving the Jews with a horrible permanent memory to carry for the rest of their lives. After all, now the Jews could all be considered the same. At the beginning of the memoir, Wiesel introduced his life before theShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Night By Elie Wiesel1089 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis of Night Black Three Sabrena Hall November 17, 2015 â€Å"To surpass monsters, you must be willing to abandon your humanity.† -Hajime Isayama, Shingeki no Kyojin Night by Elie â€Å"Eliezer† Wiesel is a story that contains many conclusions about humanity as a whole, including the idea that if humans are treated as if they aren t human, and are deprived from proper human interaction, then they are quick to act uncivilized, almost feral. It s unsettling how quickly people can switch to a primalRead MoreNight By Elie Wiesel Analysis817 Words   |  4 Pages The novel, Night told by Elie Wiesel, is an autobiography written about him and his family being seized out of their home in 1944 to the concentration camps of Auschwitz and Buchenwald. Night is the alarming record of Eli Wiesel’s recollections of the passing of his family, and his despair as a profoundly perceptive Jew going up against irrefutably the abhorrence of man. In the beginning of the novel, Elie described his father as a straightforward sort of man. As in the novel Elie stated, â€Å"My fatherRead MoreAnalysis Of Night By Elie Wiesel707 Words   |  3 PagesThe book â€Å"Night† by Elie Wiesel is an emotional read. He tells his story in hopes to influence the world to not act so hateful to one another. He wants to bring awareness to his readers. The way Wiesel interprets his memoire is powerful. Elie goes into great detail about the events that took place in the concentration camp. He describes the way they were treated and their struggle to survive. He explains his story with good attribute to the Germans. The memoire is so effective because these eventsRead MoreAnalysis Of Night By Elie Wiesel1198 Words   |  5 PagesIn the memoir Night, written by Elie Weisel, you take a journey through the 1940s, and learn what it was like to live during the Holocaust. Night records the life of Elie Wiesel during his teen years, and the oppression he and his family went through because of their Jewish descent. The Holocaust was a horrifying genocide where Adolf Hitler and the Nazis strived to wipe out the Jewish race, as well as Poles, Slavs, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Homosexuals, Gypsies, etc. Jews were taken from their homesRead MoreNight By Elie Wiesel Analysis764 Words   |  4 PagesYes, I did see this, with my own eyes†¦ children thrown into the flames.† (Wiesel 32). The previous sentence is a quote from Elie Wiesel’s memoir, Night. Wiesel’s memoir is a first person account of a survivor of the Holocaust that occurred between 1933-1945. Over six million Jews were placed in concentration camps and murdered during this time period. Less than one percent of the Jews in the holocaust survived, but Elie Wiesel was one of the very few survivors. He lived on to tell his story of theRead MoreAnalysis Of Night In Night By Elie Wiesel1183 Words   |  5 PagesIn Night, Elie Wiesel shines light upon that when times are rough, it is easy to be selfish. This was cle arly captured when young fourteen-year-old Elie Wiesel was watching as the Nazi’s take away his valuables, friends, faith, and family. As if every piece of him was broken glass, he had to pick himself up along the way. It all started in 1944, in the suburb of Sighet, Romania. It was a marvelously bright day, a beautiful day. But today, the Nazis had forced Wiesel, the rest of his family, andRead MoreNight By Elie Wiesel Analysis716 Words   |  3 Pagescontrary, some individuals lost their religion due to their unimaginable experience in the concentration camps. The memoir Night, reminisces Elie Wiesel’s journey. Forced to go to concentration camps, Elie adapted to a hardworking man to prevent selection. From studying Talmud to looking at the mirror, Elie describes the story in great detail. In the memoir Night, the author Elie Wiesel, exhibits the struggle of maintaining religion through the use of internal conflict. The memoir owns several accountsRead MoreAnalysis Of Night In Night By Elie Wiesel813 Words   |  4 PagesThe Holocaust was a horrible event, one most people hate to think of much less speak of. This event however is the base of young Elie Wiesel’s life and story. The memoir Night by Elie Wiesel is all about his personal journey and place in the telling of the Holocaust. In the book he is sent to Auschwitz as a lamb is sent to the slaughter. He reiterates his transformation during this time, a transformation where he diverts from his Jewish roots and loses his faith in a merciful and Almighty God. Read MoreNight By Elie Wiesel Analysis787 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"To forget the dead would be akin to killing them a second time.†, said Elie Wiesel the author of night. Elie Wiesel is a holocaust survivor, he went through 5 different concentration camps. He was dehumanized, malnourished, and abused. He lost all his possessions, his family, and his humanity. In Elie Wiesel’s â€Å"Night†, the German Army dehumanizes Elie Wiesel and the jewish prisoners by depriving them of family, food, and self esteem. The Nazis’s dehumanized the jews by depriving them of basic humanRead MoreAnalysis Of The Night By Elie Wiesel1385 Words   |  6 Pagesdetermination in people’s lives. Determination is a trait that each individual possesses. However, the degree of this characteristic varies for each individual and depends on the person’s capabilities and willingness to attain a goal. In the Night, author Elie Wiesel provide the readers with an insight of how determination became the guidance for the Jewish people who suffered dreadful torture and endured a horrid lifestyle under the Nazi’s fascist and anti-semitic regime. Furthermore, due to continuous

Scots Law of Contract Free Essays

All of the case studies are concerned with the Law of Contract, specifically the formation of a contract and the differences between an invitation to treat and a contract. We will investigate each consumers’s specific contract or lack thereof individually and advise Bruce on his legal position. A contract is an agreement between two or more parties which in Scotland does not need to take a specific form, as a spoken agreement is still equally as enforceable as a written contract in certain circumstances such as in most social and domestic arrangements. We will write a custom essay sample on Scots Law of Contract or any similar topic only for you Order Now A contract creates a legally binding bond between the parties involved. Contracts are made everyday sometimes without even realising it from buying a coffee to buying a house. A contract is formed bilaterally when an offer has been unconditionally accepted by all parties involved leading to consensus in idem and is not to be confused with a promise which is a unilateral agreement requiring only one party to make the promise. In Bruce’s case some of the customer’s mentioned have not actually entered into a contract but rather have either received an offer or an invitation to treat. An offer unlike a contract is not legally enforceable but rather an invitation to enter into a contract and an invitation to treat is not an offer but rather an invitation to make an offer. In the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company (1893) The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company released an advertisement stating that a ? 100 reward would be paid to any person who contracted influenza, colds or any disease caused by taking cold, after having used the ball three times daily for two weeks according to the printed directions supplied with each ball. Despite the claims one of the companies customers Mrs Carlill caught the flu and sued the Carbolic Smoke Ball Company for the ? 100 they refused to pay her stating that their advert was in fact a legally binding contract which she had accepted by purchasing the product. The above case could be applied to Bruce as his failure to properly state the conditions in his advertisement will result in him having to honor his original promise of selling the â€Å"Slow Patrol† CD to as many customers as ave a flyer at the price stated on the advert. Although most modern adverts are treated as an invitation to treat this particular advert would be considered a unilateral promise as Bruce has promised to sell the CD to anyone who produces the flyer at the price of ? 1. 99. Unlike an offer a promise is the product of one persons intention and no acceptance is needed to create a binding contract where as an offer can be revoked until agreed upon. If Bruce had not put such specific terms in the advert simply offering the product at the wrong price he could have claimed it was an invitation to treat but as it stands Bruce is legally obligated to follow through with his unilateral promise. To quote the court in regards to Hunter v General Accident Fire and Life Assurance Corporation (1909) â€Å"†¦ when a general offer addressed to the public is appropriated to himself by a distinct acceptance by one person, then it is to be read in exactly the same was as if it had been addressed to the individual originally. In the case of Wolf and Wolf v Forfar Potato Co Ltd (1984) Forfar sent a telefax to Wolf Wolf offering to sell potatoes at a specific price but the offer was only valid until 5pm the next day Wolf Wolf replied accepting the offer but with extra conditions to which Forfar did not accept and when Wolf Wolf later tried to accept the original offer there was no reply by Forfar and the potatoes were not sent. Wolf Wol f sued arguing that Forfar were in breach of contract. The court held that Wolf Wolf’s first â€Å"acceptance† was a counter offer and due to the law in Scotland this had rejected Forfar’s offer and put in place a new offer which Forfar had rejected as Forfar’s offer had lapsed upon rejection Wolf Wolf’s second attempt at accepting the original offer could not result in a contract being made as it was a new offer which Forfar had chosen not to accept therefore no contract existed between the parties. The area of Law concerned in this case is The Law of Contract specifically relating to the revocation of an offer and counter offers. The case Wolf and Wolf vs Forfar Potato Co Ltd (1984) directly links to the case between Bruce and Ken. As Bruce is once again dealing with the Law of Contract specifically the non-acceptance of an offer, he is under no legal obligation to sell Ken the rare vinyl at the original price of ? 40. When Ken rejected he original offer he created a counter offer which in Scots law is a completely new offer and caused Bruce’s original offer to lapse and was up to Bruce to decide wether or not to accept the new terms, after Bruce rejected the counter offer all offers between Bruce and Ken had lapsed. When Ken came back insisting that there was a contract between them and he was entitled to the album Bruce was in fact under no legal requirement to give Ken the vinyl as all offers had lapsed and no contract existed between then. In the case of Fisher v Bell (1961) a shopkeeper had displayed a flick-knife in his window with a price tag next to it but under the restriction of Offensive Weapons Accontents Restriction of Offensive Act (1959) it was illegal to sell hire or offer to sell or hire any knife which had a blade that opened automatically, on December 12 1959 the shopkeeper was brought to trial alleging that the defendant had broken the law by offering to sell the knife in his shop. The shopkeeper was acquitted on the basis that by displaying the knife it was an invitation to treat and not an offer to sell. In regard to Stella we are once again dealing with the Law of Contract specifically relating to an invitation to treat rather than an offer. When Stella was trying to purchase the CD for the advertised price of ? 1. 39 instead of ? 13. 99 she in fact had no legal authority to do so as the price offered was an invitation to treat and not a contract but rather an invitation to enter into one. The contract is not created until a price is agreed and the item has been paid for. Stella is basically making Bruce and offer to pay ? 1. 39 for the CD as that is what it has been advertised as and by Bruce not accepting the offer due to a mislabeling issue a contract has not been formed. As in the case of Fisher v Bell (1961) just because there is a price tag next to an item or on an item the establishment is under no obligation to sell at said price. In conclusion in regard to the first legal question Bruce is legally bound to sell the Album at the price stated in the advert as it was a unilateral promise which is legally binding contract and not able to be revoked like a offer. In regards to Ken after he counter offered Bruce’s original offer to buy the rare vinyl Bruce was no longer under any legal obligation to sell the rare album to Ken as the offer had lapsed meaning no contract was in place. Finally Stella is unable to take legal action against Bruce and Bruce does not have to sell the CD to Stella at the advertised price and it was an invitation to treat and not an offer and although the two are similar when dealing with an invitation to treat rather than an offer there is no liability to accept. CITATIONS Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company (1893) Wolf and Wolf v Forfar Potato Co Ltd (1984) Hunter v General Accident Fire and Life Assurance Corporation (1909) Fisher v Bell (1961) BIBLIOGRAPHY Black, G (Editor) – Business Law in Scotland 2nd edition Crossan Wylie – Introductory Scots Law 2nd edition How to cite Scots Law of Contract, Essay examples

Concept of Corporate Strategy-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1. Identify the concept of corporate objectives and evaluate an organisation with information available in the public domain. 2. Discuss marketing orientation concepts (i.e. the marketing concept, the selling concept or production concept). Explain with examples which concept your organisation follows. 3. What is your organisation's core marketing strategy? Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the current marketing strategy and explain how this strategy will help your organisation reach its corporate objectives. Answers: 1.The concept of corporate strategy states the well-defined goals of the company. This involves the internal strategies of the organization and the aims and objectives it has. Most of the goals are focused on the time frame that the company has set in order to achieve the goal. It includes the strategies that should be adopted in order to achieve success. The organization taken into consideration in this particular assignment is the clear products of unilever (Care, 2018). Clear scalp and beauty therapy products offers shampoos, conditioners and treatment that nourishes the scalp that is the foundation for strong, healthy and beautiful hair. The company has inherited a structured corporate strategy. They are clearly stated and they are clearly mentioned in the internal document of the companys norms. They focus on providing the best quality product that keeps up the expectations of the customers. They aim at building a sustainable living commonplace. In order to have a clear vision the company has adopted a long term strategy of brands that would deliver growth in order to benefit all the stakeholders. They focus on innovation of their products (Lockrey, 2015). The company follows the three marketing orientation concepts. Marketing concept Product concept Production concept 2.The company pays huge attention in advertising the products. This includes advertising the products in television, in newspapers, in banners and hoardings. This is called the marketing concept. Most importantly the company pays attention in taking feedbacks from the customer. For example, the customers are asked to submit a feedback form on online websites. These actions are practiced by the company. This increases the brand image of the company in the market. This enables the company to improve their products and set up good reputation in the market (Lockrey, 2015). The other concept that is practiced by the company is production concept. The concept reveals the fact that the customers will favor products that they can get at affordable rates. The company maintains the price of the products. They further focus on the efficiency of the production. For example, this is used by the company in two situations, firstly, when the demand for the products exceeds the cost and secondly when the cost of the product is too high. The final concept adopted by the company is the product concept. This concept contains the fact that the consumers opt only for those products that are innovative and that have the best quality. The company maintains the quality of their products and they work on innovation of their products. For example, the company has come up with the customized solution for men and women. They also have included nutrium 10 that was the innovation of the company in the year 2011. It was presented to the worlds largest skincare specialists at the International Academy of Cosmetic Dermatologys World Congress. This was indeed a successful step adopted by the company (Kotler, 2015). 3.Core marketing strategy of the organization The marketing strategy of the company can be analyzed by the PEST analysis and te SWOT analysis: PEST: The political factor for unilever was global and a successful one. There was an abolition of the hair care products consumption tax in the year 2006 which cleared all the hurdles from the path of growth of the company. It gave the company more chances to promote the consumption of the products and make price more expandable. The economic factor in many countries has been a benefit for the organization. The company was able to make huge profit in the places where the economic condition was well developed. It was able to expand the business in all over the world. Clear shampoos aimed to capture the dandruff market. The company highlighted the concept of trust and it planned to launch a series of trust theme activities. Famous stars endorsed the products of the company. The company has adopted the latest technology for the treatment of dandruff and let the people have a clear and neat scalp. The technological progress has helped the company to customize the shampoo according to the scalp of men and women (Kohli Harich, 2015). SWOT: The strength of the company is the quality of the products and the variety of products. The weakness is the price of the products is high. It should be such that everyone can afford the same. Clear brand focuses only on hair products. They have the opportunity to work in some other department like skin treatment. The biggest threat of the company is the rivalry it faces. The company faces tough competition in the market (Kanagal, 2015) References Care, P. (2018). Clear. [online] Unilever Australasia. Available at: https://www.unilever.com.au/brands/personal-care/clear.html [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. Kanagal, N. B. (2015). Innovation and product innovation in marketing strategy.Journal of Management and marketing research,18, 1-25. Kohli, C. S., Harich, K. R. (2015). Creating Brand Names: Strategic and International Considerations. InProceedings of the 1996 Multicultural Marketing Conference(pp. 1-2). Springer, Cham. Kotler, P. (2015).Framework for marketing management. Pearson Education India. Lockrey, S. (2015). A review of life cycle based ecological marketing strategy for new product development in the organizational environment.Journal of Cleaner Production,95, 1-15.